A guide to RoHS Directive (2011/65/EU)

 A guide to RoHS Directive (2011/65/EU)

The European Union (EU) Restriction of Hazardous Substances directive was initially designed to minimise products' harmful impact on human health and the environment. The RoHS restrictions Originally six substances, now ten are restricted for use in electrical or electronic equipment sold within Europe, with an aim that these items will be safer than their counterparts without such limitations.
The main goal behind this measure is to reduce risks associated with personal injury and severe environmental damage like global warming due to potential leaks from hazardous waste sites.
RoHS 1 (2002/95/EC)
The European Union has created an extensive list of restricted hazardous materials not allowed in products. The first six substances on this list had thresholds as high at 0.1%, except for cadmium, which is limited to only 1%. This means if any product containing one or more of these listed elements exists over its permitted threshold, then it cannot commerce within Europe unless they take advantage of some particular exemptions such as ones explicitly given by law.
RoHS 2 (2011/65/EU)
The original version of the RoHS Directive was revoked and replaced in 2013. This new law contains expanded lists for exemptions and other requirements that businesses must follow if they want their products or business practices approved - including having technical files ready at all times so authorities can examine them when requested.
How to Know If You're RoHS Compliant?
When a company wants to know if they are compliant with the European Union RoHS Directive, the first thing that needs checking is which substances have been restricted by this law. This will allow you as an individual or business owner time to research your specific needs without getting caught up in something inappropriate like lead-based paint.
EU RoHS Restricted Substances
The EU RoHS Directive restricts ten substances.

 






1. Lead (Pb).
2. Mercury (Hg).
3. Cadmium (Cd).
4. Hexavalent chromium (chromium VI, Cr+6).
5. Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB).
6. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE).
7. Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP).
8. Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP).
9. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP).
10. Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP).
Scope of the EU RoHS Directive
RoHS 2002/95/EC has an expanded scope of products and imposes new obligations on EEE manufacturers regarding preparing the EU Declaration of Conformity and placing CE marking onto finished products. The latter was included in its regulation because the original RoHS Directive didn't have any formal markings requirements for illustrating compliance, which brought many companies to design their own symbols issue version, "Declaration Of conformance."
Several types of products are also excluded from the RoHS Directive
1. This includes equipment necessary for protecting vital interests, including arms and munitions intended specifically in a military context.
2. Equipment designed for space travel
3. Equipment that is designed, manufactured, and marketed as part of another construction or industrial equipment that does not fall within the scope of this Directive. It can fulfil its function only if installed on this machine; replacement would require specialised installation work done by professionals trained in their use of equipment designed for space travel.
4. Large-scale stationary industrial tools
5. Large-scale fixed installations
6. Means of transport, excluding electric two-wheel vehicles that are not type-approved
7. Non-road mobile machinery
8. Implantable medical devices
9. Photovoltaic panels are an essential part of the solar energy industry. They assist in production for public, commercial and industrial uses and residential applications.
10. The latest equipment for research and development is designed specifically to help you develop your idea into a successful product.
Products must include in the RoHS Directive






1. Household appliances
2. Communications equipment
3. Lighting equipment
4. Consumer Equipment
5. Electronic tools
6. Dispensers
7. Sports equipment
8. Medical devices






Obligations of manufacturers
When it comes to the EU market, any electrical and electronic equipment manufacturer who wants their products placed has several legal obligations. These laws were created with fairness in mind so that all companies could compete against one another without having an unfair advantage because they followed some guidelines better than others.
1. We carry out our in-house testing and third-party assessment to ensure that the product's design and manufacturing comply with RoHS 2011/65/EU.





2. Have a well-thought-out production control system to ensure your equipment is always in compliance with all regulations and keep it that way by checking the status every few months.
3. Create a "technical file."
4. The company has to achieve a complete conformity assessment according to the regulations.
5. To ensure that your products are safe to use, you must keep technical documentation for ten years, including the Declaration of Conformity.
6. The equipment must have a serial or type number to be easily identified.
7. The production of your product should be compliant throughout its life cycle.
8. Get your name or company's logo on products and packages, so customers will know what they're buying.
9. Companies need to ensure that they have removed any non-compliant equipment from the market and taken corrective action to comply with regulations.





Obligations of authorised representatives
All authorised representatives must be established within the EU borders, can either sub-contractors or agents for example; they are people whom manufacturers have given a written mandate based inside or outside this European Union to carry out specific administrative tasks related to placing electrical equipment on their market place such as keeping technical files etc., The Legal Obligations of These REPs are as follows:
1. Ten years after a product is placed on the market, it must be held up to specific standards to continue being sold.
2. Fully cooperate with authorities, stakeholders and consumers to ensure product compliance.
3. Collaborating with the national leaders.
Obligations of importers
Importers have a legal obligation to ensure that they import products in compliance with European Union law. This means following the RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU, which was created to protect human health and environmental safety for imported electrical or electronic equipment into either region.
1. The company should place all of its electrical equipment in compliance with the RoHS requirements.
2. The compliance officer ensures that the manufacturer has completed essential tasks.
3. To protect their trade name or trademark, companies must indicate on products and packaging where they're from.


4. Informing local authorities and manufacturers of any non-compliance, taking immediate measures to ensure that the product becomes compliant before placing it on the EU market;
5. When a product's compliance is questioned, companies must respond promptly and accurately.
6. The product's technical file and Declaration of Conformity must be stored for ten years after being introduced into the European Union market.
Obligations of distributors
When it comes to the EU market, many different people make electrical and electronic equipment available. A distributor can be anyone that sells these products- whether they're a wholesaler or retailer of some kind! The legal obligations for RoHS regulations among distributors are as follows:





1. To ensure that your products comply with all applicable regulations, it is essential to verify the CE mark affixation on them and their type and batch/serial number. It would be best to make sure any required documentation accompanies these items when exporting or importing goods into another country for sale--a good practice would be to use software like weldingEDR, which can help you do this quickly and easily.
2. To make sure the product is safe, you must verify that its manufacturer's trade name or trademark and address are on it as well. If an importer has been associated with importing goods into your country, they should also be able to provide proof of ownership for this information!
3. The company has to withdraw or recall any non-compliant products already placed on the European Union market.
4. Inform the national authorities and manufacturer or importer of any non-compliance.
5. The company has a strict policy to ensure that any equipment that is not compliant with RoHS regulations will be disposed of immediately.
6. It is critical to comply with national authorities' requests for information when the product's compliance status is in question to avoid unnecessary delays and costs.
Cases in which obligations of manufacturers apply to importers and distributors
To avoid any confusion, the Member States should ensure that an importer or distributor who places EEE on their market is considered a manufacturer under this Directive. He will be subject to all obligations accorded by law, including compliance with manufacturers' requirements.
Penalties
The Member States shall lay down the rules on penalties applicable to infractions of this Directive and take all measures necessary for their implementation. The fines provided must be effective, proportionate, dissuasive and notify Commission by January 2 2013, any subsequent amendment affecting them; after that, they are bound without delay.
RoHS Compliance FAQ
1. Why is RoHS compliance substantial? 
These hazardous materials are dangerous to the environment and pollute landfills. They can also be harmful in terms of occupational exposure during manufacturing, recycling or handling these products without proper precautions; therefore, we must take care not only for our health but others who might come into contact with them as well
2. How are RoHS and REACH related?
REACH addresses the production and use of chemical substances their potential impact on human health. The regulation is monitored by ECHA, which deals with SVHCs currently-RoHS restricts specific electrical/electronic equipment, but REACH controls all other manufactured goods, including enclosures, bracket coatings etc...
3. What is RoHS 2, and how does it differ from the original RoHS?
The European Commission has expanded the scope of RoHS, or Reproduction of Hazardous Substance authorised by July 22, 2019, for all electrical/electronic equipment and spare parts with compliance requirements.







Sources:
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/topics/waste-and-recycling/rohs-directive_en

Metaverse Diplomacy

 Metaverse Diplomacy: The Future of International Relations in Virtual Reality

As technology continues to advance at a rapid pace, the concept of the "metaverse" has garnered increasing attention. The metaverse, a collective virtual shared space created by the convergence of virtually enhanced physical reality and physically persistent virtual space, has the potential to revolutionize various aspects of our lives, including the way we conduct diplomacy and international relations.

Traditionally, diplomacy has been conducted in the physical world through face-to-face meetings, phone calls, and letters. However, the emergence of the metaverse presents the opportunity for diplomacy to take place entirely in virtual reality. This shift could greatly increase the efficiency and speed of diplomatic negotiations, as well as expand the scope of participation to include individuals and organizations that may not have been able to physically attend negotiations in the past.

One potential benefit of metaverse diplomacy is the ability to conduct negotiations in real-time from anywhere in the world. Physical meetings can often be hindered by logistics, such as the need for parties to travel long distances and secure visas. In the metaverse, these barriers are eliminated, allowing for more seamless communication and decision-making.

Additionally, the use of virtual reality in diplomacy could facilitate the inclusion of a larger number of stakeholders in the negotiation process. In traditional diplomacy, participation is often limited to official government representatives and accredited diplomats. The use of the metaverse allows for a broader range of individuals and organizations to have a voice in the negotiation process, potentially leading to more comprehensive and inclusive agreements.

However, the use of the metaverse in diplomacy also raises a number of potential challenges and concerns. For example, the use of virtual reality could potentially exclude those who do not have access to the necessary technology or who may not be comfortable using it. There is also the potential for virtual meetings to be less personal and less effective at building the relationships and trust that are often crucial in diplomacy.

Additionally, the use of virtual reality in diplomacy raises questions about the legal status of agreements made in the metaverse. It is unclear how virtual agreements would be enforced and whether they would hold up in a court of law.

Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of metaverse diplomacy make it worth exploring as a viable option for the future of international relations. As virtual reality technology continues to advance, it is likely that the use of the metaverse in diplomacy will become more common. It will be important for governments and international organizations to carefully consider the potential advantages and disadvantages of this new form of diplomacy and to work towards finding solutions to the challenges it presents.

In conclusion, the emergence of the metaverse presents both opportunities and challenges for the future of diplomacy. While the use of virtual reality in diplomacy has the potential to greatly increase the efficiency and inclusivity of negotiations, it also raises a number of concerns that will need to be addressed. As the technology continues to evolve, it will be important for governments and international organizations to carefully consider the role of the metaverse in diplomacy and to work towards finding solutions to the challenges it presents.

Pizza

 Introduction:

Pizza is a delicious and popular food enjoyed by people all over the world. It is made up of a dough base, tomato sauce, and cheese, but there are endless variations and toppings that can be added to create a unique and flavorful experience. In this article, we will explore the history and evolution of pizza, as well as some popular types and variations.

History of Pizza:

Pizza is believed to have originated in Italy, with the first recorded instance dating back to the late 18th century. It was originally a simple dish made up of bread, cheese, and herbs, and was primarily consumed by the poor. Over time, pizza evolved to include tomato sauce and a variety of toppings, and it eventually gained popularity among all social classes.

Types of Pizza:

There are many different types of pizza, ranging from classic margherita to more unique and creative variations. Some popular types of pizza include:

Margherita: This classic pizza is made up of tomato sauce, mozzarella cheese, and fresh basil.

Pepperoni: This pizza is topped with slices of spicy pepperoni and cheese.

Hawaiian: This pizza is topped with pineapple, ham, and cheese.

Meat Lovers: This pizza is loaded with a variety of meats, such as sausage, bacon, and pepperoni.

Vegetarian: This pizza is made with a variety of vegetables, such as peppers, onions, mushrooms, and olives.

Conclusion:

Pizza is a versatile and delicious food that has something for everyone. Whether you prefer a classic margherita or a fully loaded meat lovers pie, there is a pizza for every taste and preference. Its rich and savory flavors make it a perfect meal for any occasion.

Top five comedy drama of 2023

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Top five family comedy dramas.

1- )Kya Hal Mister Panchal.

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Gene's: Family, comedy 

You don't stop laughing.

-On Wikipedia-

This story is based on how a mother, Kunti Devi's desire turns into disappointment. The five qualities she requires in her daughter-in-law are beauty, wisdom, romance, culinary skills and religious devotion. With the blessing of lord Shiva, Kanhaiya was married to Pari ,Prarthana , Panjiri , Prema and then Pratibha with qualities matching with their names. The plot is inspired by the story of Draupadi, who had requested Lord Shiva in her previous life to be granted a husband with great qualities, but erred by repeating each quality five times and therefore was granted the boon of five husbands. As a result, the band of Mr.Kanhaiya and his mother Kunti is played. The Paanchal family lives in Meerut.

 Second Season was going on air from 23 October 2018 to 21 January 2019, where Kunti's new greed of having another quality in each of her bahu leads to Lord Shiva fulfilling it by giving a boon of five children to the daughters-in-law that is Surili to Pratibha, Shakti to Prema, Chanchal to Prathna, Buddhi to Pari and Dhairya to Panjiri to complete their qualities.

2-)Hum Tum

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Gene's: Family,comedy drama.

 The drama revolved around two families quarrelling each other and At least become one.

3-) Bhakarwadi

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Gene's: Family,comedy drama 

-On Wikipedia-

Season 1: Bhakharwadi – Chatpate Rishton Ki Kahani

Set in Pune, Bhakharwadi revolves around two neighboring families who are in the same business of Bhakharwadi. The Gujarati Thakkar family consists of Mahindra Thakkar, his wife Urmila, and their only daughter Gayatri. The Marathi Gokhale family consists of Balakrishna "Anna" Gokhale, his wife Jyotsana, and their children Prabhakar, Keshav, Amol, and Abhishek. Anna had disowned his daughter Vibhavri as she married a filmmaker, Jayant, without his consent. All the Gokhale siblings except Abhishek are married and have children.

The Gokhale and Thakkar families have different bitter relations as they have different ideologies. Things get complicated when Abhishek and Gayatri fall in love. Both get married and their families accept it. During their marriage, Abhishek has a plan to tell Anna, that they have opened a Gokhale Bandhu branch in Ahmedabad, but before Anna is told, he finds out himself, and Anna kicks Abhishek out. However Mahendra and Urmila, side with Abhishek, and Gayatri sides with Anna. Thus there are many small arguments that later grow. One of these arguments is when Abhishek becomes Sulakshana, and Mahendra becomes Chandramukhi, two women looking for a job. But they get caught due to Keshav. Tired of these arguments, Abhishek starts to win Anna's trust but gets caught every time. Eventually, Abhishek and Gayatri let go of their differences and reconcile. Gayatri gets pregnant.

Season 2: Bhakharwadi – Zaayke Ka Naya Season

7 years later

Gayatri and Abhishek have a son named Krishna. The two families are still bitter but pretend to be happy in presence of Krishna. These fights have taken a toll on their health: Anna has impaired hearing, while Mahendra keeps forgetting things easily. Gayatri and Abhishek have been divorced because of a huge misunderstanding involving a third person. Krishna gets to know that his parents have been divorced and the two families separated. As a result, he wants a divorce from his family. Abhishek, Mahendra, and Urmila try to talk to Krishna, where they found out that Krishna knows that Abhishek once also divorced Anna. Anna supports his daughter-in-law Gayatri while on the other hand, the Thakkar family supports Abhishek. The reason behind the divorce was that Gayatri saw Abhishek with another girl named Anjali, during their vacation in a hotel room in Goa. A court hearing takes place at their home itself, which turns out to be inconclusive. Krishna, along with his cousin, Chirag, and Keshav, plans to reunite his parents. He keeps a deal that whoever from his parents gets married first, he will move in with them.

Soon, a man named Aprateem Joshi is discovered and selected by Anna to become Gayatri's groom, whereas the Thakkars' selects a girl named Aishwarya to be Abhishek's bride.

However, it is revealed that Aprateem and Aishwarya are actually Bhojpuri goons-in-disguise named Munna Pandey and Munni Pandey. Munna, a lender, gives Keshav some money for a month at 5% interest but Munna deceives him and says he charged 5% interest per day and threatens Keshav. At the time, Keshav overhears Munna talking about getting his sister, Munni Pandey married. Hearing this a devious plan hatches in Keshav's mind to avoid paying the money and proposes to Munna to get his sister married to Abhishek. Munna accepts the offer and Keshav starts training them accordingly and sends them as Aprateem Joshi and Aishwarya respectively to Gokhale and Thakkar families. Keshav also uses Krishna, Chirag, and Ujjwala for his devious plan. Both manage to win the hearts of the families without suspicion and Munni gets set to actually marry Abhishek. However, Munna wants to actually marry Gayatri for her property, shop, and house and threatens to kill Keshav if this doesn't happen. 

Mandar, Ujjwala, and Mahendra overhear this conversation and find out about everything. They are caught before they could inform anyone

4-) Aladdin Nam To Suna Hoga 

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Gene's : Family,comedy Fantasy,advanture,thriller ,drama

-On Wikipedia-

Season 1

The Mallika, an evil enchantress, tries to take over the world, but her servant Hassan betrays her and turns her into a stone statue. Before becoming a statue, Mallika turns Hassan into a genie and captures him in a lamp five hundred years later, Aladdin is born in Baghdad as the only son of ruksaar and omar, the once royal guard of Baghdad, now regarded as a traitor. Though a thief, young Aladdin is a kind-hearted, funny, brave, courageous, and hopelessly romantic poet. His biggest dream is to meet Princess Yasmine of Baghdad, with whom he fell in love at first sight . He brings a magical lamp in exchange for ten thousand gold coins for the wazir of Baghdad, Zafar but gets confined in a cave. He rubs the lamp and becomes the master of the Genie of the Lamp  . He names him Ginu.

Zafar tries to steal the lamp from Aladdin but fails. Aladdin strolls freely in Baghdad's streets. Princess Yasmine is forbidden to roam in Baghdad by her mother, Queen Mallika. Still, Yasmine disguises herself, wandering around Baghdad in common clothes to address the citizens' welfare. Aladdin and Yasmine often bump into each other. Yasmine dislikes that Aladdin only Yasmine because of her title. As such, she introduces herself as Sana. Initially, they do not get along. Over time, they become friends and fall in love.

Zafar finds Anguthi ka Jinn in Misr. He captures Ginu, turns him into evil, and erases all of his memories of Aladdin with the help of Anguthi ke Jinn. He kills Sultan, i.e., Yasmine's father, frames Aladdin for the murder, and betrays Genie of the Ring by taking away all his powers. A heartbroken Yasmine reveals her truth to a shocked and perplexed Aladdin and orders them to bury him alive in a short square closed room without any opening and sand-filled in it. Everyone scorns Rukhsaar as earlier her husband, and now her son, both are termed as traitors.

Season 2

One year later, Aladdin is still alive, living in Misr . His father Omar and Bulbul Chacha saved him. In the process, Omar was killed. Aladdin finds Anguthi ka jimln and discovers Zafar's crimes. Aladdin vows to seek revenge. The duo finds two more genies – an uncle and a niece duo, Genie Meanie and Chand Changezi

They take up the names Ali , a merchant from Ankara, his siblings Sara , Chand Changezi , and their servant Jhumru  to foil Zafar's evil intentions. Gulbadan recognizes Aladdin's innocence and decides to help him. He first disguises himself as Aladdin ki rooh and captures his innocence in Anguthi Chaap's ring. The plan fails when Ginu's magic changes the entire recording and Aladdin couldn't prove his innocence. Later, Yasmine finds out about Aladdin's innocence and breaks down out of guilt. Soon she realizes Ali is Aladdin disguised and confesses her love to him. Aladdin reciprocates her love. Together, they turn Ginu back to his good form, and Aladdin is reunited with his mother.Zafar intends to reach Mallika, the evil enchantress, with the Sonminar's help. He wants to rule the entire world, but Aladdin stops him. Zafar, with the help of his sister, Zeher, finds out Ali and Ginu's truth. Aladdin and his group consisted of Yasmine, Rukhsaar, Gulbadan, Ginu, Anguthi Chaap, Genie Meanie, and Chand Changezi , bring Zafar's offenses in front of Baghdad. Zafar dies, and Zeher escapes from Baghdad. Before his death, Zafar revived Mallika with the help of Magical Mercury . Aladdin and his companions buried Zafar's body.A month later on the occasion of Jashn-e-Dilbar, Aladdin proposes marriage to Yasmine, and they plan their engagement. A disguised Mallika arrives and plans for destruction by using Sha

5-) Ali baba Dastaan e Kabul 

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Gene's : Family,comedy Fantasy,advanture,thriller ,drama

-On Wikipedia-

Sory Story begins with Ali Baba who lives with 5 orphan children Gulrez, Imaad, Poya, Nafi and Alifi in the Mamuli Gali of Kabul. Ali Baba being poor is a very good person at heart who doesn't know about his fate and talent, always receives flashbacks of his childhood in which his father Mustafa; a sorcerer who traps all the 40 thieves in a curse that until the moon is secure in the sky they will be trapped in a stone grave. He also stops their leader Iblis from fulfilling his evil intentions but is killed by Iblis. Mustafa in his final moments he makes a prophecy that Ali will become a greater sorcerer than him and protect the citizens of Kabul and write "Dastaan-E-Kabul". In present time, Simsim who is a devotee of Iblis and loves him truly has sent a meteor towards the moon so that the 40 thieves are freed who will find the 'talismaan' that has Iblis's life captured in it. The talismaan was divided into two pieces by Mustafa. Ali who holds one part of the talismaan is completely unaware of the truth and his destiny. In Kabul's capital Kabulshahi, Sultan Shah Zuhaid is assassinated by his brother-in-law Saddam who is sidekick of Simsim and wants to be the Sultan of Kabul. Sultan's daughter Mariam, the Princess of Kabul, is rescued by her caretaker Daai Jaan and commander-in-chief Dara Gazi. Princess Mariam keeps falling in trouble as she was brought up with a lot of care and far away from the real truth of the world due to which she trusts everyone blindly. The forty thieves are freed as the meteor created by Simsim crashes the moon and causes a crack on it which breaks Mustafa's curse. Soon Mariam escapes Kabul Shahi and on the way she finds the second part of the talismaan which connects her with Ali. Ali and Mariam keep crossing each other and finally meet in the jumma bazar where Mariam loses her first part of the talismaan. Ali rescues Mariam from the slave traders and are on a run on the way to Hairat escaping from the slave traders. On Zorawar's manipulation Ali's brother Qasim gets ready to oust the kids with his wife so that they can sell their house to Zorawar in exchange of money. As the kids get to know the truth they escape from there and are on a run as well searching for Ali, where they started suspecting Nafi due to his general knowledge and skills and as the remaining four didn't know his past. After acquiring the first part of the talismaan that Mariam was holding, Simsim and the 40 thieves are on their heist to find the other part of the talismaan that is held by Ali. Finally after a lot of happenings Ali, Mariam and the five children safely return to Ali's house after escaping from the 40 thieves. Slowly after Mariam understands Ali, she starts getting close to him and on the other hand, even Ali starts to recognize her innocence and unawareness about the world and starts falling for her. Though unaware of their destiny, both of them starts working to achieve their individual goals, ultimately coming more closer to each other.